Monasterios de Lhasa. Templo Jokhang, Potala y Monasterio Sera

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• 
  Luis Argüelles Sep 5, 2013

  Templo de Jokhang
  
  El templo de Jokhang o monasterio de Jokhang Es el más famoso de los templos budistas de Lhasa en el Tíbet. Es el centro espiritual de la ciudad y tal vez su atracción turística más famosa. Está considerado por la Unesco como Patrimonio de la Humanidad con el Palacio de Potala y el Palacio Norbulingka.
  
  El templo fue construido por el rey Songtsen Gampo, probablemente en 642. En origen su nombre fue Rasa Tulnang Tsuklakang. Tanto Bhirututi como Wencheng, las esposas nepalí y china del rey, aportaron como dote numerosas imágenes budistas que fueron instaladas en este templo. Jochan, junto con el templo de Ramoche, es uno de los primeros construidos en la ciudad así como uno de los más venerados ya que alberga una imagen de Jowo, el joven Buda que se dice fue esculpida en vida de Siddhārtha Gautama.
  
  Se trata de una construcción de cuatro pisos, con tejados cubiertos con azulejos de bronce dorado. El estilo arquitectónico está basado en el diseño vihara de la India que más tarde se transformó en una mezcla entre el estilo nepalí y el de la dinastía Tang. En el tejado se encuentra unas estatuas de dos ciervos dorados que flanquean una rueda de dharma.
  
  El complejo del templo tiene numerosos altares y habitaciones decoradas. La sala principal de los edificios del templo alberga la estatua de Jowo. También hay estatuas del rey Songtsan Gambo así como de sus dos esposas. Durante la revolución cultural se destruyeron numerosas de estas esculturas que se han reconstruido utilizando en algunos casos partes rotas de las estatuas originales.
  
  Frente al templo se encuentra una zona cerrada que contiene algunos sauces llamados Jowo Utra (cabello del Jowo) así como un pilar erigido por los chinos en 1793 durante una epidemia de viruela. En él está grabado el tratado sino-tibetano firmado en 822, hecho cumplir por el emperador Ralpacan. El texto incluye algunas medidas de higiene para prevenir la infección de viruela.1

• 
  Luis Argüelles Sep 5, 2013

  Sera Monastery
  From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
  
  Sera Monastery (Tibetan: སེ་ར་, Wylie: Se-ra; Chinese: 色拉寺; pinyin: Sèlā Sì) is one of the 'great three' Gelukpa university monasteries of Tibet, located 1.25 miles (2.01 km) north of Lhasa.[1] The other two are Ganden Monastery and Drepung Monastery. The origin of the name 'Sera' is attributed to a fact that the site where the monastery was built was surrounded by wild roses (se ra in Tibetan language) in bloom. The original Sera monastery is located in Lhasa, Tibet, about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) north of the Jokang and is responsible for some 19 hermitages, including four nunneries, which are all located in the foot hills north of Lhasa. [2][3] The Sera Monastery, as a complex of structures with the Great Assembly Hall and three colleges, was founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey of Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of Tsongkhapa.[4]
  
  During the 1959 revolt in Lhasa, Sera monastery suffered severe damage, with its colleges destroyed and hundreds of monks killed.[5] After the Dalai Lama took asylum in India, many of the monks of the Sera Monastery who survived the attack moved to Bylakuppe in Mysore, India. After initial tribulations, they established a parallel Sera Monastery with Sera Me and Sera Je colleges and a Great Assembly Hall on similar lines to the original monastery, with help from the Government of India. There are now 3,000 or more monks living in Sera, India and this community has also spread its missionary activities to several countries by establishing Dharma centres, propagating knowledge of Buddhism.[6][7]
  
  The Sera Monastery in Tibet and its counterpart in Mysore, India are noted for their "Monk Debates" on the teachings of Buddha and the philosophy of Buddhism. Sera Monastery developed over the centuries as a renowned place of scholarly learning, training hundreds of scholars, many of whom have attained fame in the Buddhist nations.

• 
  Luis Argüelles Sep 5, 2013

  Background
  
  The original Sera Monastery is a complex of structures founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of Tsongkhapa. Prior to establishing this monastery, Tsongkhapa, assisted by his disciples, had set up hermitages at higher elevations, above Sera Utse. The Sera complex is divided into two sectors by pathways; the eastern part contains the Tsokchen (Great Assembly Hall) and the Homdong Kangtsang (dwelling units) and the western part has the well known three colleges of the Sera Je Tratsang, the Sera Me Tratsang; and the Ngkapa Tratsang of Gelug (Lama Tsongkhapa) tradition, instituted by Tsongkhapa as monastic universities that catered to monks in the age range 8 to 70. All the structures within this complex formed a clockwise pilgrimage circuit, starting with the colleges (in the order stated), followed by the hall, the dwelling units and finally ending at the hermitage of Tsongkhapa above the Great Assembly Hall.[8][3][4]
  
  The Jé and Mé colleges were established to train monks, over a 20 year programme of tsennyi mtshan nyid grwa tshang (philosophical knowledge), which concludes with a geshédge degree. The Ngakpa college, which predated the other two colleges, was exclusively devoted to the practice of tantric ritual (kurim dratsangsku rim grwa tshang). Before 1959, the administration of each college comprised an abbot with council of ten Lamas (LakhachuBla kha bcu) for each college.[7]
  
  Over the years, the monastery developed into a hermitage where about 6000 monks resided (but in 2008 it had only 550 monks in residence). The monastery was one of the finest locations in Tibet to witness the “Monk Debates” on teachings of Buddha and the philosophy of Buddhism, which were held according to a fixed schedule).[9] The monastery belonged to the Gelukpa Order and was one of the largest in Lhasa.[2][10]
  History
  Sera Monastery in 1938
  
  The history of the monastery is strongly connected to Master Lama Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), the founder of the Gelukpa Order, the much venerated and highly learned guru in Buddhist scriptures. It was under his divine tutelage that his disciple Jetsun Kunkhen Lodroe Rinchen Senge established the Sera Jey Monastery complex in early 15th Century AD. Kunkhyen Lodroe Rinchen Senge initially served as a teacher in the Drepung Monastery before he formed the Sera Jey. The religious legend narrated for how the site was chosen was a clairvoyant vision that Tsongkhapa had in which he saw the full text of Prajnaparamita's 20 slokas on Shunyata captioned in the sky. This psychic spell gave him a full insight into the Tsawasehrab (Fundamentals of Madhyamika or Shunyata) text.[6] Further, he also perceived the "vision of a rain like "AA" characters descending from the sky". It was only 12 years later that one of his pupils, Jamchen Choje, fulfilled the prophesy of his guru by establishing the Sera Je as a

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